iindaba-ibhena

Iindaba

Ukusebenzisa i-metasurfaces ukuphucula inzuzo kunye nokwahlukaniswa kwee-eriyali ze-PCB ezibanzi kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-5G sub-6 GHz

I-eriyali ye-pcb ebanzi (1)

Lo msebenzi uphakamisa i-eriyali ebanzi edibeneyo ehlanganisiweyo ye-multi-input (MIMO) metasurface (MS) ye-sub-6 GHz yesihlanu (5G) yonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo. Ubutsha obucacileyo benkqubo ye-MIMO ecetywayo lububanzi bayo be-bandwidth, inzuzo ephezulu, ukukhutshwa okuncinci okuhlanganayo, kunye nokwahlukaniswa okugqwesileyo kumacandelo e-MIMO. Indawo yokukhanya ye-eriyali inqunyulwe ngokwedayagonali, ibekwe ngokuyinxenye, kwaye i-metasurfaces isetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-eriyali. Iprototype ecetywayo edityanisiweyo ye-eriyali ye-MS enye inemilinganiselo emincinci ye-0.58λ × 0.58λ × 0.02λ. Ukulinganisa kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa zibonisa ukusebenza kwe-wideband ukusuka kwi-3.11 GHz ukuya kwi-7.67 GHz, kubandakanywa inzuzo ephezulu efunyenwe kwi-8 dBi. Inkqubo ye-MIMO ye-element ezine yenzelwe ukuba i-eriyali nganye i-orthogonal enye kwenye ngelixa igcina ubungakanani be-compact kunye nokusebenza kwe-wideband ukusuka kwi-3.2 ukuya kwi-7.6 GHz. Iprototype ecetywayo ye-MIMO iyilwe kwaye yenziwe kwi-substrate ye-Rogers RT5880 enelahleko ephantsi kunye nemilinganiselo encinci ye-1.05? 1.05 0,02 Izinto ezisisiseko ziyafana. I-backplane metasurface ecetywayo yehlisa kakhulu i-antenna umva imitha kwaye ixhaphaza amasimi ombane, ngaloo ndlela iphucula i-bandwidth, inzuzo, kunye nokwahlulwa kwamacandelo e-MIMO. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-eriyali ze-MIMO ezikhoyo, i-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo ye-4-port ifikelela kwinzuzo ephezulu ye-8.3 dBi kunye ne-avareji yokusebenza kakuhle ukuya kuthi ga kwi-82% kwibhendi ye-5G engaphantsi kwe-6 GHz kwaye ihambelana kakuhle neziphumo ezilinganisiweyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-antenna ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe ibonisa ukusebenza okugqwesileyo ngokubhekiselele kwi-envelope coefficient (ECC) engaphantsi kwe-0.004, i-diversity gain (DG) malunga ne-10 dB (> 9.98 dB) kunye nokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO (> 15.5 dB). iimpawu. Ke, i-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo ecetywayo ye-MS iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo kwi-sub-6 GHz 5G network networks.
Itekhnoloji ye-5G yinkqubela phambili emangalisayo kunxibelelwano olungenazingcingo oluya kwenza uthungelwano olukhawulezayo nolukhuselekileyo kwiibhiliyoni zezixhobo ezixhunyiwe, ukubonelela ngamava omsebenzisi nge "zero" latency (i-latency engaphantsi kwe-1 millisecond), kunye nokwazisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha, kuquka i-electronics. Ukhathalelo lwezonyango, imfundo yengqondo. , izixeko ezihlakaniphile, amakhaya ahlakaniphile, inyani ebonakalayo (VR), iifektri ezihlakaniphile kunye ne-Intanethi yeZithuthi (IoV) zitshintsha ubomi bethu, uluntu kunye namashishini1,2,3. IKhomishini yezoNxibelelwano lwe-US Federal (FCC) yahlula i-spectrum ye-5G ibe yi-frequency bands4. Ibhendi ye-frequency engaphantsi kwe-6 GHz inomdla kubaphandi kuba ivumela unxibelelwano olude olunezinga eliphezulu ledatha5,6. I-sub-6 GHz 5G yolwabiwo lwe-spectrum yonxibelelwano lwe-5G yehlabathi jikelele iboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, ebonisa ukuba onke amazwe aqwalasela i-sub-6 GHz spectrum ye-5G yonxibelelwano7,8. Ii-antenna ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yothungelwano lwe-5G kwaye ziya kufuna isikhululo esisisiseko esingaphezulu kunye ne-antenna ye-terminal yomsebenzisi.
I-antennas ze-Microstrip patch zineenzuzo zokuncinci kunye nesakhiwo se-flat, kodwa zilinganiselwe kwi-bandwidth kunye ne- gain9,10, uphando oluninzi lwenziwe ukwandisa inzuzo kunye ne-bandwidth ye-antenna; Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-metasurfaces (MS) isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiiteknoloji ze-antenna, ngokukodwa ukuphucula inzuzo kunye ne- throughput11,12, nangona kunjalo, ezi zi-antenna zikhawulelwe kwi-port eyodwa; I-teknoloji ye-MIMO yinkalo ebalulekileyo yonxibelelwano olungenazintambo kuba inokusebenzisa ii-antenna ezininzi ngaxeshanye ukuhambisa idatha, ngaloo ndlela iphucula amanani edatha, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-spectral, umthamo wesiteshi, kunye nokuthembeka13,14,15. Ii-antenna ze-MIMO zingabaviwa abanokuthi bafake izicelo ze-5G kuba banokuthumela kwaye bafumane idatha kwiitshaneli ezininzi ngaphandle kokufuna amandla ongezelelweyo16,17. Isiphumo sokudibanisa phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO sixhomekeke kwindawo yeempawu ze-MIMO kunye nokufumana i-antenna ye-MIMO, engumceli mngeni omkhulu kubaphandi. Amanani 18, 19, kunye ne-20 abonisa ii-eriyali ze-MIMO ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza kwibhendi ye-5G engaphantsi kwe-6 GHz, zonke zibonisa ukwahlukaniswa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-MIMO. Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo kunye ne-bandwidth yokusebenza kwezi nkqubo zicetywayo ziphantsi.
I-Metamatadium (MMs) zizinto ezintsha ezingekho kwindalo kwaye ziyakwazi ukulawula amaza e-electromagnetic, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukusebenza kwee-antenna21,22,23,24. I-MM ngoku isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiteknoloji ye-antenna ukuphucula ipateni ye-radiation, i-bandwidth, ukuzuza, kunye nokwahlula phakathi kwezinto ze-antenna kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano ezingenazintambo, njengoko kuxoxwe ngazo kwi-25, 26, 27, 28. Kwi-2029, inkqubo ye-MIMO yezinto ezine esekelwe i-metasurface, apho icandelo le-eriyali lixutywe phakathi kwe-metasurface kunye nomhlaba ngaphandle komsantsa womoya, ophucula ukusebenza kwe-MIMO. Nangona kunjalo, olu yilo lunobukhulu obukhulu, ukuhamba rhoqo okuphantsi kunye nesakhiwo esinzima. I-electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) kunye nelophu yomhlaba zibandakanyiwe kwi-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo ye-2-port wideband ukuphucula ukwahlulwa kwamacandelo e-MIMO30. I-antenna eyiliweyo inokusebenza okuhle kokungafani kwe-MIMO kunye nokwahlukaniswa okugqwesileyo phakathi kwee-eriyali ezimbini ze-MIMO, kodwa usebenzisa izinto ezimbini kuphela ze-MIMO, inzuzo iya kuba sezantsi. Ukongeza, i-in31 iphinde yacebisa i-eriyali ye-MIMO ye-ultra-wideband (UWB) ye-MIMO kwaye iphande ukusebenza kwayo kwe-MIMO isebenzisa i-metamatadium. Nangona le eriyali ikwazi ukusebenza nge-UWB, inzuzo yayo iphantsi kwaye ukwahlukaniswa phakathi kwee-eriyali zimbini kubi. Umsebenzi kwi32 uphakamisa inkqubo ye-MIMO ye-2-port esebenzisa i-electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) izibonisi zokwandisa inzuzo. Nangona uluhlu lwe-antenna oluphuhlisiweyo lunenzuzo ephezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokungafani kwe-MIMO, ubungakanani bayo obukhulu benza kube nzima ukuyifaka kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano zesizukulwana esilandelayo. Enye i-antenna ye-broadband esekelwe kwi-reflector yaphuhliswa kwi-33, apho i-reflector idityaniswe phantsi kwe-antenna ene-gap enkulu ye-22 mm, ibonisa inzuzo ephantsi ye-4.87 dB. Iphepha le-34 liyila i-antenna ye-MIMO ezine-port ye-mmWave izicelo, ezidityaniswe ne-MS layer ukuze kuphuculwe ukuzimela kunye nokufumana inkqubo ye-MIMO. Nangona kunjalo, le antenna ibonelela ngenzuzo elungileyo kunye nokwahlukaniswa, kodwa inomda olinganiselweyo kunye neepropathi ezingalunganga zoomatshini ngenxa yesikhewu esikhulu somoya. Ngokufanayo, kwi-2015, i-antenna ye-MIMO enemibini emithathu, i-4-port bowtie-shaped-integrated MIMO yaphuhliswa kunxibelelwano lwe-mmWave ngenzuzo enkulu ye-7.4 dBi. I-B36 MS isetyenziswe ngasemva kwe-eriyali ye-5G ukunyusa inzuzo ye-eriyali, apho i-metasurface isebenza njengesibonisi. Nangona kunjalo, i-MS structure i-asymmetric kwaye ingqwalasela encinci ihlawulwe kwi-unit cell structure.
Ngokwezi ziphumo zohlalutyo zingentla, akukho nanye kwezi eriyali zingentla enenzuzo ephezulu, ukubekwa yedwa okugqwesileyo, ukusebenza kwe-MIMO kunye ne-wideband coverage. Ke ngoko, kusekho imfuneko ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ye-metasurface enokugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwee-5G ze-spectrum frequencies ngaphantsi kwe-6 GHz kunye nenzuzo ephezulu kunye nokwahlukaniswa. Ukuqwalasela imida yolu ncwadi lukhankanywe ngasentla, inkqubo ye-antenna ye-antenna ye-wideband ye-MIMO enenzuzo ephezulu kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo kokungafaniyo kucetywayo kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezingenazintambo ze-6 GHz. Ukongeza, i-antenna ye-MIMO ecetywayo ibonisa ukwahluka okugqwesileyo phakathi kwezinto ze-MIMO, izithuba ezincinci zezinto, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemitha. Isiqwenga se-eriyali sinqunyulwe ngokwedayagonali kwaye sibekwe phezu kwe-metasurface kunye nesithuba somoya esiyi-12mm, esibonakalisa umva imitha evela kwi-eriyali kwaye iphucule ukuzuzwa kwe-eriyali kunye nokuqondisa. Ukongeza, i-eriyali enye ecetywayo isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-eriyali ye-MIMO enezinto ezine kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-MIMO ngokubeka i-eriyali nganye ngokwe-orthogonally enye kwenye. I-eriyali ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe emva koko yadityaniswa phezulu kwe-10 × 10 MS uluhlu kunye ne-backplane yobhedu ukuphucula ukusebenza kokukhutshwa. Uyilo lubonisa uluhlu olubanzi lokusebenza (3.08-7.75 GHz), inzuzo ephezulu ye-8.3 dBi kunye ne-avareji ephezulu yokusebenza kakuhle kwe-82%, kunye nokwahlukaniswa okugqwesileyo okungaphezulu kune--15.5 dB phakathi kwezixhobo ze-eriyali ze-MIMO. I-eriyali ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe esekwe kwi-MS yaye yalinganiswa kusetyenziswa iphakheji yesoftware ye-3D yombane we-CST Studio 2019 kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngezifundo zovavanyo.
Eli candelo libonelela ngentshayelelo eneenkcukacha kuyilo olucetywayo kunye nendlela yoyilo lwe-eriyali enye. Ukongeza, iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo kunye nezijongiwe zixoxwa ngokweenkcukacha, kubandakanywa iiparamitha zokusasaza, ukufumana, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kunye nangaphandle kweemetasurfaces. I-antenna yeprototype yaphuhliswa kwi-substrate ye-dielectric ye-Rogers 5880 ephantsi kunye nobukhulu be-1.575mm kunye ne-dielectric constant ye-2.2. Ukuphuhlisa kunye nokulinganisa uyilo, iphakheji ye-electromagnetic simulator yeCST studio ka-2019 yasetyenziswa.
Umzobo we-2 ubonisa i-architecture ecetywayo kunye nemodeli yoyilo lwe-antenna enye. Ngokweequations zemathematika ezimiselwe kakuhle37, i-eriyali iqulathe indawo yesikwere esondliwe ngokulandelelanayo kunye nenqwelomoya yomhlaba wobhedu (njengoko kuchaziwe kwinyathelo loku-1) kwaye iphinda ikhuphe i-bandwidth emxinwa kakhulu kwi-10.8 GHz, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3b. Ubungakanani bokuqala berediyetha ye-eriyali bumiselwa bubudlelwane bemathematika bulandelayo37:
Apho \(P_{L}\) kunye \(P_{w}\) bubude nobubanzi bepetshi, c imele isantya sokukhanya, \(\gamma_{r}\) yidielectric constant ye substrate . , \(\ gamma_{reff }\) imele ixabiso le-dielectric elisebenzayo lendawo yemitha, \(\Delta L\) imele utshintsho kubude bendawo. I-antenna backplane yaphuculwa kwinqanaba lesibini, inyusa i-impedance bandwidth nangona i-bandwidth ephantsi kakhulu ye-impedance ye-10 dB. Kwinqanaba lesithathu, indawo yokutya ihanjiswa ngasekunene, ephucula i-impedance bandwidth kunye ne-impedance ehambelana ne-antenna38 ecetywayo. Kweli nqanaba, i-eriyali ibonisa i-bandwidth egqwesileyo yokusebenza ye-4 GHz kwaye ikwagubungela i-spectrum engaphantsi kwe-6 GHz kwi-5G. Inqanaba lesine kunye nelokugqibela libandakanya ukukrolwa kwegrooves kwiikona ezichaseneyo zendawo yemitha. Le slot yandisa kakhulu i-4.56 GHz bandwidth ukugubungela i-sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum ukusuka kwi-3.11 GHz ukuya kwi-7.67 GHz, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 3b. Iimbono zangaphambili nezisezantsi zoyilo olucetywayo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 3a, kwaye iparameters zoyilo eziphuculweyo eziphuculweyo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: SL = 40 mm, Pw = 18 mm, PL = 18 mm, gL = 12 mm, fL = 11. mm, fW = 4 .7 mm, c1 = 2 mm, c2 = 9.65 mm, c3 = 1.65 mm.
(a) Iimbono eziphezulu kunye nezingasemva ze-antenna enye eyiliweyo (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) S-parameter igophe.
I-Metasurface ligama elibhekisa kuthotho lweeseli zeyunithi ezibekwe kumgama othile ukusuka kwenye. I-Metasurfaces yindlela esebenzayo yokuphucula ukusebenza kwemitha ye-antenna, kubandakanya i-bandwidth, inzuzo, kunye nokwahlula phakathi kwezixhobo ze-MIMO. Ngenxa yempembelelo yokusasazwa kwamaza omphezulu, iimetasurfaces zivelisa ii-resonances ezongezelelweyo ezinegalelo ekuphuculweni kokusebenza kwe-eriyali39. Lo msebenzi uphakamisa iyunithi ye-epsilon-negative metamaterial (MM) esebenza kwi-5G band ngaphantsi kwe-6 GHz. I-MM enommandla we-8mm × 8mm yaphuhliswa kwilahleko ephantsi ye-Rogers 5880 substrate ene-dielectric constant ye-2.2 kunye nobukhulu be-1.575mm. Ipatch ye-resonator ye-MM ephuculweyo ibandakanya isangqa esisetyhula sangaphakathi esiqhagamshelwe kumakhonkco amabini angaphandle alungisiweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4a. Umzobo 4a ushwankathela iiparamitha eziphuculweyo zokugqibela zokuseta iMM ecetywayo. Emva koko, i-40 × 40 mm kunye ne-80 × 80 mm i-metasurface layers zaphuhliswa ngaphandle kwe-backplane yobhedu kunye ne-backplane yobhedu esebenzisa i-5 × 5 kunye ne-10 × 10 iiseli ze-cell, ngokulandelanayo. Ulwakhiwo olucetywayo lweMM luyimodeli kusetyenziswa isoftware yemodeli yombane ye-3D "CST studio suite 2019". Umzobo owenziweyo wesakhiwo esicetywayo se-MM kunye nokusekwa komlinganiselo (i-double-port network analyser PNA kunye ne-waveguide port) iboniswe kwi-Figure 4b ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zokulinganisa i-CST ngokuhlalutya impendulo yokwenene. Ukuseta ukulinganisa kusetyenziswe i-Agilent PNA series network analyzer ngokudibanisa nee-adapters coaxial adapters ezimbini ze-waveguide (A-INFOMW, inxalenye yenombolo: 187WCAS) ukuthumela nokufumana iimpawu. Iprototype ye-5 × 5 i-array ibekwe phakathi kwee-adapter ezimbini ze-coaxial ze-waveguide ezidityaniswe yintambo ye-coaxial kwi-analyzer ye-network ye-port-port (Agilent PNA N5227A). I-Agilent N4694-60001 ikiti yokulinganisa isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-analyzer yenethiwekhi kwisityalo sokulinga. Ukulinganisa kunye ne-CST yaqaphela iiparamitha zokusasazwa kweprototype ecetywayo yoluhlu lweMM iboniswe kuMfanekiso 5a. Inokubonwa ukuba ulwakhiwo olucetywayo lwe-MM lusebenza kuluhlu lwe-5G frequency ngaphantsi kwe-6 GHz. Nangona umahluko omncinci kwi-bandwidth ye-10 dB, iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo kunye novavanyo zifana kakhulu. I-resonant frequency, i-bandwidth, kunye ne-amplitude ye-resonance ebonwayo yahluke kancinane kwizinto ezifanisiweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5a. Lo mahluko phakathi kweziphumo eziboniweyo kunye nezilinganisiweyo kungenxa yokungafezeki kokwenziwa, ukukhutshwa okuncinci phakathi kweprototype kunye namazibuko e-waveguide, iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo phakathi kwamazibuko e-waveguide kunye nezixhobo zoluhlu, kunye nokunyamezela imilinganiselo. Ukongeza, ukubekwa ngokufanelekileyo kweprototype ephuhlisiweyo phakathi kwamazibuko e-waveguide kulungiselelo lovavanyo kunokubangela utshintsho lwe-resonance. Ukongezelela, ingxolo engafunekiyo yabonwa ngexesha lesigaba sokulinganisa, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekungahambelani phakathi kweziphumo zamanani kunye nemilinganiselo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kobu bunzima, iprototype ecetywayo ye-MM iqhuba kakuhle ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa okuqinileyo phakathi kokulinganisa kunye nokulinga, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kakuhle kwi-sub-6 GHz 5G izicelo zonxibelelwano ezingenazintambo.
(a) Iyunithi yejometri yeseli (S1 = 8 mm, S2 = 7 mm, S3 = 5 mm, f1, f2, f4 = 0.5 mm, f3 = 0.75 mm, h1 = 0.5 mm, h2 = 1 .75 mm) (CST STUDIO SUITE) ) 2019) (b) Ifoto yolungiselelo lomlinganiselo weMM.
(a) Ukulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwee-curves parameter curves zeprototype yemetamati. (b) Igophe eliguquguqukayo le-dielectric leyunithi yeseli ye-MM.
Iiparamitha ezifanelekileyo ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-dielectric engaguqukiyo, ukuvunyelwa kozibuthe, kunye nesalathiso se-refractive zaphononongwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zokucutshungulwa kwe-CST electromagnetic simulator ukuqhubela phambili ukuhlalutya ukuziphatha kweyunithi yeyunithi yeMM. Iiparamitha ze-MM ezisebenzayo zifunyenwe kwiiparamitha zokusabalalisa usebenzisa indlela yokuvuselela eyomeleleyo. Ukuhanjiswa okulandelayo kunye nokulinganisa i-coefficient equations: (3) kunye (4) ingasetyenziselwa ukumisela isalathisi se-refractive kunye ne-impedance (jonga i-40).
Awona malungu enyani kunye nentelekelelo yomsebenzi amelwe ngu (.)' kunye (.)” ngokulandelelanayo, kunye nenani elipheleleyo u-m lihambelana nesalathisi sokwenyani se-refractive. I-Dielectric constant kunye ne-permeability igqitywe ngeefomula \ (\ varepsilon {} = {} n / z, \) kunye \ (\ mu = nz \), ezisekelwe kwi-impedance kunye ne-refractive index, ngokulandelanayo. I-curve esebenzayo ye-dielectric eqhubekayo yesakhiwo se-MM iboniswe kwi-Figure 5b. Kwi-resonant frequency, i-dielectric constant esebenzayo ayinayo. Amanani 6a,b abonisa amaxabiso akhutshiweyo okuphumelela okusebenzayo (μ) kunye nesalathiso esisebenzayo serefraction (n) seyunithi yeseli ecetywayo. Ngokucacileyo, amandla akhutshiweyo abonisa amaxabiso okwenyani afanelekileyo kufutshane ne-zero, eqinisekisa iipropathi ze-epsilon-negative (ENG) zesakhiwo esicetywayo seMM. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 6a, i-resonance kwi-permeability kufutshane ne-zero inxulumene kakhulu ne-resonant frequency. Iseli yeyunithi ephuhlisiwe ine-index refractive index (Umfanekiso 6b), oku kuthetha ukuba i-MM ecetywayo ingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-antenna21,41.
Iprototype ephuhlisiweyo ye-eriyali ye-broadband enye yenzelwe ukuvavanya uyilo olucetywayo. Amanani 7a,b abonisa imifanekiso ye-eriyali ecetywayo ecetywayo, iinxalenye zayo zesakhiwo kunye noseto lomlinganiselo okufutshane nommandla (SATIMO). Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-eriyali, i-metasurface ephuhlisiwe ibekwe kwiingqimba phantsi kwe-eriyali, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8a, kunye nobude h. I-40mm x 40mm enye ye-metasurface ene-double-layer metasurface isetyenziswe ngasemva kwe-eriyali enye ngezithuba ze-12mm. Ukongeza, i-metasurface ene-backplane ibekwe kwicala elingasemva le-eriyali enye kumgama we-12 mm. Emva kokusebenzisa i-metasurface, i-antenna enye ibonisa ukuphucuka okuphawulekayo ekusebenzeni, njengoko kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso 1 kunye ne-2. Umfanekiso we-8 kunye ne-9. Umzobo we-8b ubonisa iiplani zokubonisa ezifaniswayo kunye nomlinganiselo we-antenna enye ngaphandle kunye ne-metasurfaces. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ibhendi yokugubungela i-eriyali ene-metasurface ifana kakhulu nebhendi yokhuselo ye-eriyali ngaphandle kwe-metasurface. Amanani 9a,b abonisa uthelekiso lokulinganisa kunye nokubonwa kwe-eriyali enye inzuzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngaphandle kunye ne-MS kwi-spectrum yokusebenza. Ingabonwa ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa ne-antenna engeyiyo ye-metasurface, inzuzo ye-antenna ye-metasurface iphuculwe kakhulu, inyuka ukusuka kwi-5.15 dBi ukuya kwi-8 dBi. Inzuzo ye-metasurface ye-single-layer, i-double-layer metasurface, kunye ne-eriyali enye ene-backplane metasurface inyuke nge-6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, kunye ne-8 dBi, ngokulandelanayo. Xa kuthelekiswa namanye ama-metasurfaces (uluhlu olulodwa kunye nee-MCs eziphindwe kabini), ukuzuza kwe-antenna enye ye-metasurface kunye ne-backplane yethusi ukuya kwi-8 dBi. Kule meko, i-metasurface isebenza njengesibonisi, inciphisa umva wemitha ye-eriyali kwaye ilawula amaza ombane wombane kwinqanaba, ngaloo ndlela inyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-eriyali yokusasazeka kwaye yiyo loo nto izuzayo. Uphononongo lokuphumelela ngokupheleleyo kwe-eriyali enye ngaphandle kunye kunye ne-metasurfaces iboniswe kuMfanekiso 9b. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-antenna kunye nangaphandle kwe-metasurface kuphantse kufana. Kuluhlu lwamaza asezantsi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-antenna kuncipha kancinci. Inzuzo yokulinga kunye nokulinganisa kunye neegophe ezisebenzayo zihambelana kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko omncinci phakathi kweziphumo ezilinganisiweyo kunye nezivavanyiweyo ngenxa yeziphene zokuvelisa, ukunyamezela umlinganiselo, ilahleko yoqhagamshelo lwezibuko le-SMA, kunye nokulahleka kocingo. Ukongeza, i-antenna kunye ne-MS reflector zibekwe phakathi kwe-nylon spacers, enye into echaphazela iziphumo ezibonwayo xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo zokulinganisa.
Umzobo (a) ubonisa i-eriyali enye egqityiweyo kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nayo. (b) Ukusetwa komlinganiselo wommandla okufutshane (SATIMO).
(a) I-antenna excitation usebenzisa i-metasurface reflectors (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) Ukulinganisa kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-eriyali enye ngaphandle kunye ne-MS.
Iziphumo zokulinganisa kunye nemilinganiselo (a) yenzuzo ezuziweyo kunye (b) nokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwe-eriyali ecetywayo yesiphumo semetasurface.
Uhlalutyo lwepateni ye-Beam usebenzisa i-MS. Imilinganiselo ye-antenna enye kufuphi nentsimi yaqhutywa kwi-SATIMO Near-Field Experimental Environment ye-UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory. Amanani 10a, b abonisa i-E-plane kunye ne-H-plane iipateni zokusasazeka kwe-5.5 GHz ezicetywayo kunye nangaphandle kwe-MS. I-eriyali enye ephuhlisiwe (ngaphandle kwe-MS) ibonelela ngepateni ehambelanayo yemitha ye-radirectional enemilinganiselo ye-lobe yecala. Emva kokusebenzisa i-reflector ye-MS ecetywayo, i-eriyali ibonelela ngepateni ye-radiation unidirectional kunye nokunciphisa inqanaba le-lobes yangasemva, njengoko kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso 10a, b. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ipateni yemitha ye-eriyali enye ecetywayo izinzile ngakumbi kwaye i-unidirectional kunye ne-lobes ephantsi kakhulu kunye necala xa usebenzisa i-metasurface ene-backplane yobhedu. I-reflector ye-MM ecetywayo inciphisa umva kunye necala le-antenna ngelixa iphucula ukusebenza kwe-radiation ngokuqondisa i-current in unidirectional directions (Fig. 10a, b), ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa inzuzo kunye nokuqondisa. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ipateni yovavanyo lwemitha yayiphantse yathelekiseka naleyo yokulinganisa kwe-CST, kodwa yatshintsha kancinane ngenxa yokungalungelelanisi kakuhle kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo adityanisiweyo, ukunyamezela umlinganiselo, kunye nelahleko yekhebhuli. Ukongeza, i-nayiloni spacer yafakwa phakathi kwe-eriyali kunye ne-MS reflector, enye into echaphazela iziphumo eziqatshelweyo xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo zamanani.
Ipateni yemitha ye-eriyali enye ephuhlisiwe (ngaphandle kwe-MS kunye ne-MS) kwi-frequency ye-5.5 GHz yenziwe kwaye yavavanywa.
Ijiyometri ecetywayo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO iboniswe kuMfanekiso 11 kwaye ibandakanya ii-eriyali ezine ezingatshatanga. Amacandelo amane e-antenna ye-MIMO icwangciswe ngokwe-orthogonally omnye komnye kwi-substrate ye-dimensions 80 × 80 × 1.575 mm, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 11. I-eriyali ye-MIMO eyenzelweyo inomgama ophakathi kwe-22 mm, ongaphantsi kwe-22 mm. umgama okufutshane ohambelanayo we-eriyali. I-eriyali ye-MIMO iphuhlisiwe. Ukongezelela, inxalenye yendiza yomhlaba ifumaneka ngendlela efanayo ne-antenna enye. Amaxabiso embonakalo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO (i-S11, i-S22, i-S33, kunye ne-S44) eboniswe kuMzobo we-12a ibonisa ukuziphatha okufanayo njenge-eriyali yento enye evakalayo kwibhendi ye-3.2-7.6 GHz. Ke ngoko, i-impedance bandwidth ye-antenna ye-MIMO iyafana ncam naleyo ye-eriyali enye. Isiphumo sokudibanisa phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO sesona sizathu siphambili selahleko encinci ye-bandwidth yee-antenna ze-MIMO. Umzobo we-12b ubonisa umphumo wokudibanisa kumacandelo e-MIMO, apho ukuhlukaniswa okufanelekileyo phakathi kwezinto ze-MIMO kunqunywe. Ukwahlula phakathi kwe-eriyali 1 kunye ne-2 yeyona iphantsi malunga ne-13.6 dB, kwaye ukwahlukana phakathi kwe-eriyali 1 kunye ne-4 yeyona nto iphakamileyo malunga ne-30.4 dB. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci kunye ne-bandwidth ebanzi, le antenna ye-MIMO inenzuzo ephantsi kunye ne-output ephantsi. I-Insulation iphantsi, ngoko ke ukomeleza okwandisiweyo kunye nokufakwa kwe-insulation kuyadingeka;
Indlela yoyilo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo (a) imbonakalo ephezulu kunye (b) nenqwelomoya ephantsi. (CST Studio Suite 2019).
Ulungiselelo lwejometri kunye nendlela yokuvuselela ye-eriyali ecetywayo ye-metasurface ye-MIMO iboniswe kuMfanekiso 13a. I-matrix eyi-10x10mm enemilinganiselo ye-80x80x1.575mm yenzelwe umva we-eriyali ye-MIMO eyi-12mm, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 13a. Ukongeza, ii-metasurfaces ezine-backplanes zethusi zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwii-eriyali ze-MIMO ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo. Umgama phakathi kwe-metasurface kunye ne-eriyali ye-MIMO ubalulekile ukuzuza inzuzo ephezulu ngelixa uvumela ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo phakathi kwamaza aveliswa yi-eriyali kunye nalawo abonakaliswe kwi-metasurface. Umfuziselo obanzi wenziwa ukwandisa ubude phakathi kwe-eriyali kunye ne-metasurface ngelixa kugcinwa imigangatho yamaza ekota ukuze kufumaneke ubuninzi kunye nokwahlukaniswa phakathi kwezinto ze-MIMO. Uphuculo olubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwe-eriyali ye-MIMO ephunyezwe ngokusebenzisa i-metasurfaces ene-backplanes xa kuthelekiswa ne-metasurfaces ngaphandle kwe-backplanes iya kuboniswa kwizahluko ezilandelayo.
(a) Ukuseta ukulinganisa kwe-CST ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo kusetyenziswa i-MS (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019), (b) Iigophe zokujonga inkqubo ye-MIMO ephuhlisiweyo ngaphandle kwe-MS kunye ne-MS.
Imiboniso yee-eriyali ze-MIMO ezinemitha engaphezulu nangaphandle kwayo ibonisiwe kuMfanekiso 13b, apho i-S11 kunye ne-S44 ziboniswa ngenxa yokuziphatha okuphantse kwafana kwazo zonke ii-eriyali kwinkqubo ye-MIMO. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba i- -10 dB i-impedance bandwidth ye-antenna ye-MIMO ngaphandle kunye ne-metasurface enye iphantse ifane. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-bandwidth ye-impedance ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo iphuculwe yi-MS ene-dual-layer kunye ne-backplane MS. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngaphandle kwe-MS, i-antenna ye-MIMO ibonelela nge-bandwidth ye-fractional ye-81.5% (3.2-7.6 GHz) ngokumalunga ne-frequency center. Ukudibanisa i-MS kunye ne-backplane kwandisa i-impedance bandwidth ye-antenna ye-MIMO ecetywayo kwi-86.3% (3.08-7.75 GHz). Nangona i-MS ene-dual-layer inyusa i-throughput, ukuphucuka kungaphantsi kwaleyo ye-MS ene-backplane yobhedu. Ngaphezu koko, i-MC ene-dual-layer yonyusa ubungakanani be-eriyali, yonyusa iindleko zayo, kwaye inciphisa uluhlu lwayo. I-eriyali ye-MIMO eyiliweyo kunye ne-metasurface reflector yenziwe kwaye iqinisekisiwe ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zokulinganisa kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza kwangempela. Umzobo 14a ubonisa umaleko we-MS owenziweyo kunye ne-eriyali ye-MIMO enamalungu ahlukeneyo adityanisiweyo, ngelixa uMzobo 14b ubonisa ifoto yenkqubo ephuhlisiwe ye-MIMO. I-eriyali ye-MIMO ibekwe phezu komphezulu we-metasurface kusetyenziswa izikhewu ezine zenayiloni, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 14b. Umzobo we-15a ubonisa umfanekiso okhawulezayo wokuseta i-eriyali ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe. Umhlalutyi womnatha we-PNA (i-Agilent Technologies PNA N5227A) isetyenziselwe ukuqikelela iiparamitha zokusasaza kunye nokuvavanya kunye nokubonakalisa iimpawu zokukhupha ezikufutshane kwi-UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory.
(a) Iifoto zeSATIMO zemilinganiselo ekufutshane nebala (b) Iigophe ezilinganisiweyo kunye novavanyo lwe-eriyali ye-S11 kunye nangaphandle kwe-MS.
Eli candelo libonisa uphononongo oluthelekisayo lwe-S-parameters ecetywayo kunye ne-eriyali ecetywayo ye-5G MIMO. Umzobo we-15b ubonisa isicwangciso somfuniselo we-antenna ye-4-element ye-MIMO MS kwaye uyithelekisa kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa ze-CST. Ukubonakaliswa kovavanyo kwafunyaniswa ukuba kuyafana nokubala kwe-CST, kodwa zahluke kancinane ngenxa yeziphene zokuvelisa kunye nokunyamezelana kovavanyo. Ukongeza, ukubonakaliswa okubonwayo kweprototype ye-MIMO ecetywayo ecetywayo igubungela i-spectrum ye-5G engaphantsi kwe-6 GHz kunye ne-impedance bandwidth ye-4.8 GHz, okuthetha ukuba usetyenziso lwe-5G lunokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, i-resonant frequency elinganisiweyo, i-bandwidth, kunye ne-amplitude yahluke kancinane kwiziphumo zokulinganisa ze-CST. Iziphene zokuvelisa, ilahleko yokudibanisa i-coax-to-SMA, kunye nokuseta imilinganiselo yangaphandle kunokubangela umahluko phakathi kweziphumo ezilinganisiweyo nezifanisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwezi ntsilelo, i-MIMO ecetywayo isebenza kakuhle, ibonelela ngesivumelwano esiqinileyo phakathi kokulinganisa kunye nemilinganiselo, iyenza ifaneleke kakuhle kwi-sub-6 GHz 5G izicelo ezingenazintambo.
I-eriyali ye-eriyali ye-MIMO eyenziwe kwaye ijongwe ijika iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 2 kunye ne-2. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiMifanekiso 16a,b kunye ne-17a,b, ngokulandelelanayo, intsebenziswano efanayo yamacandelo e-MIMO ibonisiwe. Xa i-metasurfaces isetyenziswa kwii-eriyali ze-MIMO, ukwahlukaniswa phakathi kwee-eriyali ze-MIMO kuphuculwa kakhulu. Iiplani zokwahlula phakathi kwezinto ezimeleneyo ze-eriyali i-S12, i-S14, i-S23 kunye ne-S34 zibonisa iigophe ezifanayo, ngelixa i-antenna ye-MIMO ediagonal S13 kunye ne-S42 ibonisa ukwahluka okuphezulu okufanayo ngenxa yomgama omkhulu phakathi kwazo. Iimpawu zothumelo ezifaniswayo zee-eriyali ezikufutshane ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 16a. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwi-spectrum yokusebenza ye-5G engaphantsi kwe-6 GHz, ubuncinci bokuhlukaniswa kwe-antenna ye-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-metasurface yi-13.6 dB, kunye ne-metasurface ene-backplane - 15.5 dB. Iploti yokuzuza (Figure 16a) ibonisa ukuba i-backplane metasurface iphucula kakhulu ukwahlukaniswa phakathi kwezinto ze-eriyali ye-MIMO xa kuthelekiswa ne-single- kunye ne-double-layer metasurfaces. Kwizinto ezimeleneyo ze-eriyali, umphezulu we-eriyali enye kunye ne-double-layer ibonelela ngokwahlulwa okuncinci okumalunga ne- -13.68 dB kunye ne -14.78 dB, kunye nemetasurface yecopper backplane ibonelela malunga ne -15.5 dB.
Iigophe zokwahlula ezilinganisiweyo zezinto ze-MIMO ezingenamaleko we-MS kunye ne-MS umaleko: (a) S12, S14, S34 kunye ne-S32 kunye (b) ne-S13 kunye ne-S24.
Iigophe zenzuzo yovavanyo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo ecetywayo ngaphandle kunye: (a) ne-S12, i-S14, i-S34 kunye ne-S32 kunye (b) ne-S13 kunye ne-S24.
I-antenna ye-antenna ye-MIMO ye-diagonal ifumana izicwangciso ngaphambi nasemva kokongeza umaleko we-MS kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 16b. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ubuncinci bokwahlula phakathi kwee-eriyali ze-diagonal ngaphandle kwe-metasurface (i-antenna 1 kunye ne-3) yi-15.6 dB kwi-spectrum yokusebenza, kunye ne-metasurface ene-backplane yi-18 dB. Indlela ye-metasurface inciphisa kakhulu iziphumo zokudibanisa phakathi kwee-antenna ze-MIMO zediagonal. Ubuninzi be-insulation kwi-single-layer metasurface yi-37 dB, ngelixa i-double-layer metasurface eli xabiso lehla liye ku-47 dB. Ubuninzi bokuhlukaniswa kwe-metasurface kunye ne-backplane yethusi ngu--36.2 dB, eyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-frequency range. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-single- kunye ne-double-layer metasurfaces ngaphandle kwe-backplane, i-metasurfaces ene-backplane inikezela ngokuzimeleyo okuphezulu kulo lonke uluhlu olufunekayo lwe-frequency yokusebenza, ngokukodwa kwi-5G uluhlu olungaphantsi kwe-6 GHz, njengoko kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso 16a, b. Kwibhendi ye-5G ethandwa kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-6 GHz (3.5 GHz), i-metasurfaces enye kunye ne-dual-layer ine-isolation ephantsi phakathi kwe-MIMO components kune-metasurfaces ezine-backplanes zethusi (phantse akukho MS) (jonga uMfanekiso 16a), b) . Imilinganiselo yokuzuza iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 17a, b, ebonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwee-eriyali ezikufutshane (i-S12, i-S14, i-S34 kunye ne-S32) kunye nee-antenna ze-diagonal (S24 kunye ne-S13), ngokulandelanayo. Njengoko kunokubonwa kula manani (Umfanekiso we-17a, b), ukuhlukaniswa kovavanyo phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO kuvumelana kakuhle nokuzahlula okufanisiweyo. Nangona kukho umahluko omncinci phakathi kwexabiso le-CST elilinganisiweyo kunye nomlinganiselo ngenxa yeziphene zokuvelisa, uqhagamshelo lwezibuko le-SMA kunye nelahleko yocingo. Ukongeza, i-antenna kunye ne-MS reflector zibekwe phakathi kwe-nylon spacers, enye into echaphazela iziphumo ezibonwayo xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo zokulinganisa.
Ufunde ukusasazwa komphezulu wangoku kwi-5.5 GHz ukuhlengahlengisa indima ye-metasurfaces ekunciphiseni ukudityaniswa ngokudibeneyo ngokucinezelwa kwamaza omphezulu42. Usasazo lwangoku lwangoku lwe-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 18, apho i-eriyali ye-1 iqhutywa kwaye yonke i-eriyali iyanqanyulwa ngomthwalo we-50 ohm. Xa i-eriyali i-1 inamandla, imisinga ebalulekileyo yokudibanisa iya kubonakala kwii-eriyali ezikufutshane kwi-5.5 GHz ngokungabikho kwe-metasurface, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 18a. Ngokuchasene noko, ngokusetyenziswa kwe-metasurfaces, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 18b-d, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwee-antenna ezikufutshane kuphuculwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isiphumo sokudityaniswa kweendawo ezikufutshane sinokuncitshiswa ngokusasaza ikhonkco langoku ukuya kumakhonkco akufutshane eeseli zeyunithi kunye neeseli zeyunithi ye-MS ezikufutshane kunye nomgangatho we-MS kwiindlela ezichasene ne-antiparallel. Ukutofa okwangoku ukusuka kwii-eriyali ezisasaziweyo ukuya kwiiyunithi ze-MS yindlela ephambili yokuphucula ukwahlukaniswa phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO. Ngenxa yoko, ukudibanisa okwangoku phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO kuncitshiswe kakhulu, kwaye ukwahlukaniswa kuphuculwe kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba intsimi yokudibanisa isasazwe ngokubanzi kwinto, i-copper backplane metasurface ihlukanisa indibano ye-eriyali ye-MIMO kakhulu kune-metasurfaces eyodwa kunye ne-double-layer (Figure 18d). Ngaphaya koko, i-eriyali ye-MIMO ephuhlisiweyo ine-backpropagation ephantsi kakhulu kunye nosasazo olusemacaleni, ivelisa ipateni yemitha ye-unidirectional, ngaloo ndlela inyusa inzuzo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo.
Iipateni zangoku zangoku ze-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo kwi-5.5 GHz (a) ngaphandle kwe-MC, (b) i-MC ye-single-layer, (c) i-MC ephindwe kabini, kunye (d) ne-MC ene-backplane yobhedu. (CST Studio Suite 2019).
Ngaphakathi kokusebenza rhoqo, uMzobo 19a ubonisa iinzuzo ezilinganisiweyo nezijongiweyo ze-eriyali eyi-MIMO eyiliweyo ngaphandle kunye nemetasurfaces. Inzuzo efunyenweyo efanisiweyo ye-antenna ye-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-metasurface yi-5.4 dBi, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 19a. Ngenxa yesiphumo sokudibanisa phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO, i-eriyali ecetywayo ye-MIMO eneneni ifezekisa i-0.25 dBi inzuzo ephezulu kune-eriyali enye. Ukongezwa kwe-metasurfaces kunokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kunye nokwahlulwa phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO. Ke, i-eriyali ye-metasurface ecetywayo ye-MIMO inokufikelela kwinzuzo ephezulu efunyenweyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8.3 dBi. Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 19a, xa i-metasurface enye isetyenziswe ngasemva kwe-antenna ye-MIMO, inzuzo iyanda nge-1.4 dBi. Xa i-metasurface iphindwe kabini, inzuzo iyanda nge-2.1 dBi, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 19a. Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu elindelekileyo ye-8.3 dBi ifunyenwe xa usebenzisa i-metasurface kunye ne-backplane yethusi. Ngokucacileyo, ubuninzi obufunyenweyo obufunyenweyo kwi-single-layer kunye ne-double-layer metasurfaces yi-6.8 dBi kunye ne-7.5 dBi, ngokulandelanayo, ngelixa ubuninzi obuzuziweyo be-metasurface ye-bottom-layer yi-8.3 dBi. Umaleko we-metasurface kwicala elingasemva le-eriyali lisebenza njengesibonisi, libonisa ukukhanya kwemitha ukusuka kwicala elingasemva le-eriyali kunye nokuphucula umlinganiselo wangaphambili ukuya ngasemva (F / B) we-eriyali eyiliweyo ye-MIMO. Ukongeza, i-resonance ye-MS ene-impedance ephezulu ilawula amaza ombane kwinqanaba, ngaloo ndlela idala isandi esongezelelweyo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwemitha ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo. I-reflector ye-MS efakwe emva kwe-antenna ye-MIMO inokwandisa kakhulu inzuzo efunyenweyo, eqinisekiswa ziziphumo zovavanyo. Iinzuzo eziqwalaselweyo nezilinganisiweyo zeprototype ephuhlisiweyo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ziphantse zafana, nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iifrikhwensi inzuzo elinganisiweyo ingaphezulu kwenzuzo eyenziweyo, ngakumbi kwi-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-MS; Olu lwahluko kwinzuzo yovavanyo lubangelwa ukunyamezelwa komlinganiselo weepadi zenayiloni, ilahleko yentambo, kunye nokudibanisa kwinkqubo ye-antenna. Incopho yokulinganisa inzuzo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-metasurface yi-5.8 dBi, ngelixa i-metasurface ene-backplane yobhedu yi-8.5 dBi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inkqubo ecetywayo ye-eriyali ye-4 ye-MIMO epheleleyo ene-MS reflector ibonisa inzuzo ephezulu phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo kunye namanani.
Ukulinganisa kunye neziphumo zovavanyo (a) zenzuzo ezuziweyo kunye (b) nokusebenza iyonke ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo enesiphumo semetasurface.
Umzobo we-19b ubonisa ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwenkqubo ye-MIMO ecetywayo ngaphandle kunye nezibonisi zemetasurface. KuMzobo we-19b, ukusebenza okuphantsi kakhulu usebenzisa i-MS nge-backplane yayingaphezulu kwe-73% (ezantsi ukuya kwi-84%). Ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwee-eriyali ze-MIMO eziphuhlisiwe ngaphandle kwe-MC kunye ne-MC ziphantse zifana nomahluko omncinci xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso afanisiweyo. Izizathu zoku kukunyamezela ukulinganisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-spacers phakathi kwe-antenna kunye ne-MS reflector. Inzuzo efunyenweyo elinganisiweyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngokubanzi kuwo wonke amaxesha aphantse afane neziphumo zokulinganisa, ezibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kweprototype ye-MIMO ecetywayo njengoko kulindelwe kwaye i-eriyali ye-MS-based ye-MIMO ecetyiswayo ifanelekile kunxibelelwano lwe-5G. Ngenxa yeempazamo kwizifundo zovavanyo, kukho umahluko phakathi kweziphumo zizonke zovavanyo lwaselabhoratri kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa. Ukusebenza kweprototype ecetywayo kuchatshazelwa kukungahambelani kokuphazamiseka phakathi kwe-eriyali kunye nesinxibelelanisi se-SMA, ilahleko yentambo ye-coaxial splice, iziphumo ze-soldering, kunye nokuba kufutshane kwezixhobo zombane ezahlukeneyo kuseto lovavanyo.
Umzobo we-20 uchaza uyilo kunye nenkqubela phambili yokuphucula i-eriyali exeliweyo ngendlela yomzobo webhloko. Lo mzobo webhloko unika inkcazo ngenyathelo ngenyathelo lemigaqo yokuyila i-antenna ye-MIMO ecetywayo, kunye neeparitha ezidlala indima ephambili ekuphuculeni i-antenna ukufezekisa inzuzo ephezulu efunekayo kunye nokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu kwi-frequency ebanzi yokusebenza.
Imilinganiselo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ekufutshane nentsimi iye yalinganiselwa kwi-SATIMO Near-Field Experimental Environmental kwi-UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Systems Laboratory. Amanani 21a,b abonisa i-E-plane kunye ne-H-plane iipateni ze-radiation ezilinganisiweyo kunye ne-H-plane ye-eriyali ebangwayo kunye nangaphandle kwe-MS kwi-frequency yokusebenza ye-5.5 GHz. Kuluhlu lwe-frequency yokusebenza ye-5.5 GHz, i-eriyali ephuhlisiwe engeyiyo ye-MS MIMO ibonelela ngepateni engaguqukiyo yemitha yemitha enemilinganiselo ye-lobe esecaleni. Emva kokufaka i-MS reflector, i-eriyali ibonelela ngepateni ye-radiation unidirectional kwaye inciphisa inqanaba le-lobes yangasemva, njengoko kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso 21a, b. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngokusebenzisa i-metasurface ene-backplane yobhedu, ipateni ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo izinzile kwaye i-unidirectional kune-MS, kunye ne-lobes ephantsi kakhulu kunye necala. I-reflector ye-MM ecetywayo inciphisa umva kunye necala le-antenna kwaye iphinde iphucule iimpawu ze-radiation ngokuqondisa i-current in unidirectional direction (Fig. 21a, b), ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa inzuzo kunye nokuqondisa. Ipateni yemitha elinganisiweyo ifunyenwe kwi-port 1 kunye nomthwalo we-50 ohm oxhunywe kumazibuko aseleyo. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ipateni yovavanyo lotshiso lwemitha iphantse yafana naleyo ilinganiswe yi-CST, nangona bekukho ukutenxa okuthile ngenxa yokungalungelelani kakuhle kwecandelo, imiboniso evela kumazibuko esiphelo, kunye nelahleko kuqhagamshelo lwentambo. Ukongeza, isithuba senayiloni safakwa phakathi kwe-eriyali kunye ne-MS reflector, engomnye umba ochaphazela iziphumo eziboniweyo xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo eziqikelelweyo.
Ipateni yemitha yophuhliso lwe-eriyali ye-MIMO (ngaphandle kwe-MS kunye ne-MS) kwi-frequency ye-5.5 GHz iye yalinganiswa kwaye yavavanywa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izibuko zodwa kunye neempawu ezinxulumene nazo zibalulekile xa kuhlolwa ukusebenza kweenkqubo ze-MIMO. Ukusebenza kweyantlukwano yenkqubo ye-MIMO ecetywayo, kubandakanywa i-envelope coefficient (ECC) kunye ne-diversity gain (DG), iyavavanywa ukubonisa ukomelela kwenkqubo ye-eriyali ye-MIMO eyiliweyo. I-ECC kunye ne-DG ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwayo njengoko ziyimiba ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kwenkqubo ye-MIMO. La macandelo alandelayo aza kunika iinkcukacha ezi mpawu ze-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo.
I-envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC). Xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-MIMO, i-ECC imisela inqanaba apho izinto ezibambeleyo zinxibelelana enye kwenye malunga neepropati zazo ezithile. Ke, i-ECC ibonisa inqanaba lokuhlukaniswa kwetshaneli kwinethiwekhi yonxibelelwano engenazingcingo. I-ECC (i-envelope coefficient coefficient) yenkqubo ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe inokumiselwa ngokusekelwe kwi-S-parameters kunye nokukhutshwa kwendawo ekude. Ukusuka kwi-Eq. (7) kunye (8) ne-ECC ye-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo 31 inokumiselwa.
I-coefficient yokubonisa imelwe nguSii kunye ne-Sij imele i-coefficient yokudlulisela. Iipateni ezinemitha yemitha ye-j-th kunye ne-i-th zinikwa ngamabinzana \(\vec{R}_{j} \ekhohlo({\theta ,\varphi} \right)\) kunye \( \ vec {{R_{ i } }} I-engile eqinileyo imelwe ngu \ ekhohlo ( {\ theta ,\varphi } \ ekunene)\) kunye \({\ Omega }\). I-ECC ijika ye-antenna ecetywayo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 22a kwaye ixabiso layo lingaphantsi kwe-0.004, elingaphantsi kwexabiso elamkelekileyo le-0.5 yenkqubo engenazintambo. Ke ngoko, ixabiso le-ECC elincitshisiweyo lithetha ukuba inkqubo ye-MIMO ye-4-port ecetywayo ibonelela ngeyantlukwano ephezulu43.
I-Diversity Gain (DG) DG yenye i-MIMO ye-metric yokusebenza kwenkqubo echaza indlela iskimu sokwahlukana okuchaphazela ngayo amandla ombane. Ubudlelwane (9) bumisela i-DG yenkqubo ye-antenna ye-MIMO ephuhliswayo, njengoko ichazwe kwi-31.
Umzobo we-22b ubonisa umzobo we-DG wenkqubo ye-MIMO ecetywayo, apho ixabiso le-DG lisondele kakhulu kwi-10 dB. Amaxabiso e-DG azo zonke ii-antenna zenkqubo eyiliweyo ye-MIMO ingaphezulu kwe-9.98 dB.
Itheyibhile yoku-1 ithelekisa i-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo yemetasurface kunye neenkqubo ezisanda kuphuhliswa ezifanayo zeMIMO. Uthelekiso luthathela ingqalelo iiparitha ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, kubandakanywa i-bandwidth, inzuzo, ukuhlukaniswa okuphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza ngokungafaniyo. Abaphandi baye babonisa iiprototypes ezahlukeneyo ze-eriyali ye-MIMO ngokufumana kunye neendlela zokuphucula ukuzimela kwi-5, i-44, i-45, i-46, i-47. Ukongeza, xa kuthelekiswa nee-eriyali ezifanayo ezixeliweyo, inkqubo ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe ibonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokwahluka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngokubanzi kubungakanani obuncinci. Nangona ii-eriyali ezichazwe kwiCandelo le-5.46 zinokwahluka okuphezulu kunee-eriyali ezicetywayo, ezi-eriyali zinengxaki yobukhulu obukhulu, inzuzo ephantsi, i-bandwidth emxinwa, kunye nokusebenza kakubi kwe-MIMO. I-antenna ye-4 ye-MIMO ecetywayo kwi-45 ibonisa inzuzo ephezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa uyilo lwayo lunokwahlulwa okuphantsi, ubukhulu obukhulu, kunye nokusebenza kakubi kweyantlukwano. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkqubo ye-antenna encinci ecetywayo kwi-47 inenzuzo ephantsi kakhulu kunye ne-bandwidth yokusebenza, ngelixa inkqubo yethu ecetywayo ye-MS esekelwe kwi-4-port MIMO ibonisa ubungakanani obuncinci, inzuzo ephezulu, ukuba yedwa okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza okungcono kwe-MIMO. Ke, i-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo ye-metasurface inokuba ngumbangi omkhulu we-sub-6 GHz 5G iinkqubo zonxibelelwano.
I-antenna ye-metasurface yesine ye-metasurface esekelwe kwi-wideband ye-MIMO ene-antenna ephezulu kunye nenzuzo ephezulu kunye nokuhlukaniswa kucetywayo ukuxhasa izicelo ze-5G ngaphantsi kwe-6 GHz. Umgca we-microstrip wondla icandelo le-square radiating, elinqanyulwe ngesikwere kwiikona ze-diagonal. I-MS ecetywayo kunye ne-antenna emitter iphunyezwa kwizinto eziphantsi kwe-substrate ezifana ne-Rogers RT5880 ukuphumeza ukusebenza kakuhle kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-5G ezikhawulezayo. I-antenna ye-MIMO ibonakalisa uluhlu olubanzi kunye nenzuzo ephezulu, kwaye ibonelela ngesandi sokwahlulwa phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo. I-eriyali enye ephuhlisiweyo inemilinganiselo emincinci ye-0.58?0.58?0.02? kunye ne-5 × 5 ye-metasurface array, inikezela nge-4.56 GHz i-bandwidth yokusebenza, i-8 dBi i-peak gain kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kokulinganisa. I-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo ezine (2 × 2 uluhlu) iyilwe ngokulungelelanisa i-eriyali nganye ecetywayo ecetywayo kunye nenye enemilinganiselo ye-1.05λ × 1.05λ × 0.02λ. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibanise uluhlu lwe-10 × 10 MM phantsi kwe-eriyali ye-MIMO ye-12mm ephezulu, enokunciphisa i-radiation yangasemva kunye nokunciphisa ukudityaniswa okufanayo phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO, ngaloo ndlela iphucula inzuzo kunye nokuhlukaniswa. Iziphumo zovavanyo kunye nokulinganisa zibonisa ukuba iprototype ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe inokusebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-3.08-7.75 GHz, egubungela i-spectrum ye-5G ngaphantsi kwe-6 GHz. Ukongeza, i-antenna ye-MIMO ecetywayo ecetywayo ye-MS iphucula inzuzo yayo nge-2.9 dBi, ifumana inzuzo ephezulu ye-8.3 dBi, kwaye ibonelela ngokugqwesa kakhulu (> 15.5 dB) phakathi kwamacandelo e-MIMO, eqinisekisa igalelo le-MS. Ukongeza, i-eriyali ye-MIMO ecetywayo inomndilili ophezulu wokusebenza kakuhle kwe-82% kunye nomgama ophantsi we-inter-element oyi-22 mm. I-eriyali ibonisa ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kokwahluka kwe-MIMO kubandakanya i-DG ephezulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kwe-9.98 dB), i-ECC ephantsi kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-0.004) kunye nepateni yemitha ye-unidirectional. Iziphumo zokulinganisa zifana kakhulu neziphumo zokulinganisa. Ezi mpawu ziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-antenna ye-MIMO ephuhlisiwe ye-4-port inokuba yinto efanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-5G kwi-sub-6 GHz.
I-Cowin inokubonelela nge-eriyali ye-400-6000MHz ebanzi ye-PCB, kunye nenkxaso yokuyila i-eriyali entsha ngokwemfuno yakho, nceda uqhagamshelane nathi ngaphandle kokuthandabuza ukuba unesicelo.

 

 


Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-10-2024