Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ii-smartphones bezixhasa kuphela imigangatho embalwa esebenza kwiibhendi ezine ze-GSM frequency, kwaye mhlawumbi nemigangatho embalwa ye-WCDMA okanye ye-CDMA2000. Ngeebhendi ezimbalwa zefrikhwensi onokukhetha kuzo, inqanaba elithile lokufana kwehlabathi liphunyeziwe ngeefowuni ze-GSM “ze-quad-band”, ezisebenzisa iibhendi ze-850/900/1800/1900 MHz kwaye zinokusetyenziswa naphi na emhlabeni (kakuhle, ngokuhle ngokunjalo).
Olu luncedo olukhulu kubahambi kwaye ludala uqoqosho olukhulu lwesikali kubavelisi bezixhobo, abafuna kuphela ukukhulula iimodeli ezimbalwa (okanye mhlawumbi enye) kwimarike yehlabathi liphela. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-GSM ihlala ikuphela kwetekhnoloji yokufikelela ngaphandle kwamacingo ebonelela ngokuzulazula kwihlabathi. Ngendlela, ukuba ubungazi, i-GSM iyakhutshwa ngokuthe ngcembe.
Nayiphi na i-smartphone efanelwe leli gama kufuneka ixhase ukufikelela kwe-4G, i-3G kunye ne-2G ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo zojongano lweRF ngokwe-bandwidth, amandla okuhambisa, ubuntununtunu bomamkeli kunye nezinye iiparamitha ezininzi.
Ukongezelela, ngenxa yokufumaneka kwe-spectrum yomhlaba wonke, imigangatho ye-4G ihlanganisa inani elikhulu leebhendi ze-frequency, ngoko ke abaqhubi banokuzisebenzisa kuyo nayiphi na i-frequencies ekhoyo kuyo nayiphi na indawo - okwangoku i-50 bands iyonke, njengoko kunjalo ngemigangatho ye-LTE1. "Ifowuni yehlabathi" yokwenyani kufuneka isebenze kuzo zonke ezi meko.
Ingxaki engundoqo ekufuneka isonjululwe nayiphi na irediyo yeselula “lunxibelelwano oluphindwe kabini”. Xa sithetha, siphulaphula ngaxeshanye. Iinkqubo zikanomathotholo zangaphambili zazisebenzisa i-push-to-talk (abanye basayenza), kodwa xa sithetha efowunini, silindele ukuba omnye umntu asiphazamise. Isizukulwana sokuqala (i-analog) izixhobo zeselula ezisetyenziselwa "izihluzi ze-duplex" (okanye i-duplexers) ukufumana i-downlink ngaphandle "kokukhwankqiswa" ngokuhambisa i-uplink kwi-frequency eyahlukileyo.
Ukwenza ezi zihluzo zibe zincinci kwaye zingabizi kakhulu ibingumngeni omkhulu kubavelisi beefowuni bokuqala. Xa i-GSM yaziswa, iprotocol yenzelwe ukuba i-transceivers ikwazi ukusebenza "kwimowudi ye-duplex yesiqingatha".
Le yayiyeyona ndlela ikrelekrele kakhulu yokuphelisa ii-duplexers, kwaye yayiyeyona nto iphambili ekuncedeni i-GSM ibe yitekhnoloji enexabiso eliphantsi, eqhelekileyo ekwaziyo ukulawula ishishini (kunye nokutshintsha indlela abantu abanxibelelana ngayo kule nkqubo).
Ifowuni ebalulekileyo evela ku-Andy Rubin, umqambi wenkqubo yokusebenza ye-Android, ibonisa iimpawu zoxhulumaniso zamva nje ezibandakanya iBluetooth 5.0LE, i-GSM / LTE eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-antenna ye-Wi-Fi efihliweyo kwisakhelo se-titanium.
Ngelishwa, izifundo ezifunyenwe ekusombululeni iingxaki zobugcisa zalibaleka ngokukhawuleza kwiimfazwe zobuchwepheshe bezopolitiko zeentsuku zokuqala ze-3G, kwaye uhlobo olukhoyo ngoku lwe-frequency division duplexing (FDD) lufuna i-duplexer kwibhendi nganye ye-FDD esebenza kuyo. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba i-LTE boom iza nezinto ezinyukayo zeendleko.
Ngelixa ezinye iibhendi zinokusebenzisa iTime Division Duplex, okanye i-TDD (apho unomathotholo utshintsha ngokukhawuleza phakathi kokusasaza nokwamkela), ambalwa kula mabhanti akhoyo. Uninzi lwabaqhubi (ngaphandle ikakhulu baseAsia) bakhetha uluhlu lwe-FDD, apho kukho ngaphezu kwe-30.
Ilifa le-TDD kunye ne-FDD spectrum, ubunzima bokukhulula iibhendi zehlabathi ngokwenene, kunye nokufika kwe-5G enamaqela amaninzi kwenza ingxaki ye-duplex ibe nzima ngakumbi. Iindlela ezithembisayo phantsi kophando zibandakanya uyilo olutsha olusekelwe kwisihluzi kunye nokukwazi ukuphelisa ukuziphazamisi.
Le yokugqibela iza nayo into ethembisayo yokuba nokwenzeka kwe "fragmentless" duplex (okanye "in-band full duplex"). Kwixesha elizayo le-5G yonxibelelwano lweselula, kungafuneka siqwalasele i-FDD kunye ne-TDD kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-duplex eguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe kobu buchwepheshe butsha.
Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yase-Aalborg eDenmark baye baphuhlisa i-“Smart Antenna Front End” (SAFE)2-3 yoyilo lwezakhiwo olusebenzisa (jonga umfanekiso kwiphepha le-18) ii-eriyali ezahlukileyo zosasazo kunye nolwamkelo kwaye zidibanisa ezi eriyali kunye (nokusebenza okuphantsi) ngokudityaniswa nokwenziwa ngokwezifiso. ukuhluza ukuphumeza usulelo olufunwayo kunye nolwamkelo lokwahlulwa.
Ngelixa intsebenzo inomtsalane, imfuno yee-eriyali ezimbini yingxaki enkulu. Njengoko iifowuni zisiya zincinci kwaye zincinci, indawo ekhoyo yee-eriyali iya isincinci kwaye incinci.
Izixhobo eziphathwayo zikwafuna ii-eriyali ezininzi zokuphindaphinda indawo (MIMO). Iifowuni eziphathwayo ezine-SAFE architecture kunye ne-2 × 2 inkxaso ye-MIMO ifuna ii-eriyali ezine kuphela. Ukongeza, uluhlu lokulungisa ezi zihluzo kunye nee-eriyali zilinganiselwe.
Ke iiselfowuni eziphathwayo zehlabathi ziya kufuneka kwakhona ziphindaphinde olu lwakhiwo lojongano ukugubungela zonke iibhendi zamaza e-LTE (450 MHz ukuya kwi-3600 MHz), eziya kufuna ii-eriyali ezingaphezulu, ii-eriya ezitunela ezingakumbi kunye nezihluzi ezingaphezulu, ezisibuyisela kwimibuzo edla ngokubuzwa malunga. ukusebenza kweebhendi ezininzi ngenxa yokuphinda-phindwa kwamacandelo.
Nangona ii-eriyali ezininzi zinokufakelwa kwithebhulethi okanye kwilaptop, ukuqhubela phambili okuthe kratya kokwenza ngokwezifiso kunye/okanye ukwenziwa kweminiaturization kuyafuneka ukwenza obu buchwepheshe bufanelekele ii-smartphones.
I-duplex elungelelanisiweyo yombane isetyenziswe ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala ze-wireline telephony17. Kwinkqubo yefowuni, i-microphone kunye ne-earpiece kufuneka iqhagamshelwe kumgca wefowuni, kodwa ihluke omnye komnye ukuze ilizwi lomsebenzisi lingasivali isignali ye-audio engenayo engenamandla. Oku kwaphunyezwa kusetyenziswa i-hybrid transformers phambi kokufika kweefowuni ze-elektroniki.
Isiphaluka se-duplex esiboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi sisebenzisa i-resistor yexabiso elifanayo ukufanisa i-impedance yomgca wokuhambisa ukwenzela ukuba i-current evela kwi-microphone ihlukane njengoko ingena kwi-transformer kwaye igeleza ngeendlela ezichaseneyo ngekhoyili ephambili. I-magnetic fluxes iyacinywa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye akukho okwangoku kunyanzeliswa kwikhoyili yesibini, ngoko ke i-coil yesibini ihlukaniswe kwi-microphone.
Nangona kunjalo, isignali evela kwimakrofoni isahamba kumgca wefowuni (nangona ilahleko ethile), kwaye isignali engenayo kumgca wefowuni isaya kwisithethi (kunye nokulahlekelwa okuthile), ivumela unxibelelwano lweendlela ezimbini kumgca wefowuni efanayo. . . Ucingo lwentsimbi.
I-radio balanced duplexer iyafana ne-duplexer yefowuni, kodwa endaweni ye-microphone, i-handset, kunye nocingo lwefowuni, i-transmitter, i-receiver, kunye ne-eriyali zisetyenziswa, ngokulandelelanayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso B.
Indlela yesithathu yokuhlukanisa i-transmitter kummkeli kukuphelisa ukuziphazamisi (SI), ngaloo ndlela ususa umqondiso ogqithisiweyo kwisignali efunyenweyo. Ubuchule be-Jamming busetyenziswe kwi-radar kunye nosasazo amashumi eminyaka.
Umzekelo, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, uPlessy waphuhlisa kwaye wathengisa imveliso esekwe kwimbuyekezo ye-SI ebizwa ngokuba yi "Groundsat" ukwandisa uluhlu lwesiqingatha se-analog FM uthungelwano lomkhosi wonxibelelwano4-5.
Inkqubo isebenza njenge-duplex epheleleyo yesitishi esinye, yandisa uluhlu olusebenzayo lweerediyo ezinesiqingatha-eziphindwe kabini ezisetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo yomsebenzi.
Kubekho umdla wakutsha nje wokucinezelwa kokuziphazamisi, ikakhulu ngenxa yendlela yonxibelelwano olufutshane (iselula kunye ne-Wi-Fi), eyenza ingxaki yokucinezelwa kwe-SI ilawuleke ngakumbi ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nokwamkelwa kwamandla aphezulu kusetyenziso lwabathengi. . UFikelelo olungenacingo kunye nezicelo ze-Backhaul 6-8.
I-iPhone ye-Apple (ngoncedo oluvela kwi-Qualcomm) ngokungathandabuzekiyo ineyona ndawo ibalaseleyo yehlabathi engenazingcingo kunye ne-LTE, ixhasa iibhendi ezili-16 ze-LTE kwitshiphu enye. Oku kuthetha ukuba zimbini kuphela ii-SKU ezifuna ukuveliswa ukugubungela imarike ye-GSM ne-CDMA.
Kwizicelo ze-duplex ngaphandle kokwabelana ngokuphazamiseka, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-self-interference kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-spectrum ngokuvumela i-uplink kunye ne-downlink ukwabelana ngemithombo ye-spectrum efanayo9,10. Iindlela zokuzicinezela ngokwazo zinokusetyenziselwa ukwenza iiduplex zesiko ze-FDD.
Ukurhoxiswa ngokwako ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya izigaba ezininzi. Inethiwekhi yolwalathiso phakathi kwe-antenna kunye ne-transceiver inikeza inqanaba lokuqala lokuhlukana phakathi kwezibonakaliso ezidlulisiweyo kunye nezifunyenweyo. Okwesibini, i-analog eyongezelelweyo kunye nokusetyenzwa kwesignali yedijithali isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa nayiphi na ingxolo ye-intrinsic eseleyo kwisignali efunyenweyo. Inqanaba lokuqala lingasebenzisa i-antenna eyahlukileyo (njengakwi-SAFE), i-transformer ye-hybrid (echazwe ngezantsi);
Ingxaki yee-eriyali ezisusiweyo sele ichaziwe. Iisetyhulayitha ziqhelekile ukuba zimxinwa kuba zisebenzisa i-ferromagnetic resonance kwikristale. Le teknoloji ye-hybrid, okanye i-Electrical Balanced Isolation (EBI), iteknoloji ethembisayo enokuthi ibe yi-broadband kwaye inokudityaniswa kwi-chip.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo ongezantsi, uyilo lwesiphelo sesiphelo se-eriyali ekrelekrele sisebenzisa i-eriyali ezimbini ezinokutsalwa, enye yokuhambisa kunye neyokwamkela, kunye nezihluzo ezisebenza ngokuphantsi kodwa eziphindwe kabini. Ii-eriyali zomntu ngamnye aziboneleli nje kuphela ukubekelwa bucala kwe-passive ngexabiso lelahleko yokusasaza phakathi kwazo, kodwa zikwanazo umda (kodwa ulungelelaniswe) umda okhawulezayo.
I-eriyali yothumelo isebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuphela kwibhendi yamaza osasazo, kwaye i-eriyali eyamkelayo isebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuphela kwibhendi yokufumana amaza. Kule meko, i-eriyali ngokwayo iphinda isebenze njengesihluzi: ukukhutshwa kwe-Tx ngaphandle kwe-band kuncitshiswa yi-eriyali yokudlulisa, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-self-interference kwi-band ye-Tx iyancitshiswa yi-eriyali efumanayo.
Ke ngoko, i-architecture ifuna ukuba i-antenna ifundeke, ephunyezwa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokulungisa i-eriyali. Kukho ilahleko ethile engenakuthintelwa yofakelo kuthungelwano lothungelwano lwe-eriyali. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwi-MEMS18 capacitors enokuthungeka iphucule kakhulu umgangatho wezi zixhobo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ilahleko. Ilahleko yokufaka i-Rx imalunga ne-3 dB, ethelekiseka nelahleko iyonke ye-duplexer ye-SAW kunye nokutshintsha.
I-antenna-based isolation incediswa ngesihluzo esisetyenzwayo, esisekwe kwakhona kwi-MEM3 i-capacitors etshintshwayo, ukufezekisa i-25 dB yodwa kwi-antenna kunye ne-25 dB yodwa kwisihluzo. Iiprototypes ziye zabonisa ukuba oku kunokuphunyezwa.
Amaqela ophando aliqela kwizifundiswa nakwimizi-mveliso ajonga ukusetyenziswa kwemihlanganiselwa ye-duplex printing11–16. Ezi zicwangciso ziyayiphelisa i-SI ngokuvumela usasazo kunye nolwamkelo ngaxeshanye kwi-eriyali enye, kodwa yahlula isidluliseli kunye nomamkeli. Ziyibroadband kwindalo kwaye inokuphunyezwa kwi-chip, izenze zibe lukhetho olunomtsalane lokuphinda-phinda kabini kwizixhobo eziphathwayo.
Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje ibonise ukuba i-FDD transceivers esebenzisa i-EBI inokuveliswa kwi-CMOS (i-Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) kunye nokulahlekelwa kokufaka, umzobo wengxolo, umgca wokumkela, kunye nokuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kweempawu ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo zeselula11,12,13. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko imizekelo emininzi kuncwadi lwezifundo nolwenzululwazi ibonisa, kukho umda osisiseko ochaphazela ukwahlukaniswa kabini.
I-impedance ye-antenna yerediyo ayilungiswanga, kodwa iyahluka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kokusebenza (ngenxa ye-antenna resonance) kunye nexesha (ngenxa yokusebenzisana nommandla oguqukayo). Oku kuthetha ukuba i-impedance yokulinganisa kufuneka ihambelane nokulandelela utshintsho lwe-impedance, kwaye i-bandwidth ye-decoupling inqunyelwe ngenxa yeenguqu kwi-frequency domain13 (jonga uMzobo 1).
Umsebenzi wethu kwiDyunivesithi yaseBristol ugxile ekuphandeni nasekulungiseni le mida yokusebenza ukubonisa ukuba okufunekayo ukuthumela / ukufumana ukubekwa wedwa kunye nokuphumelela kunokufezekiswa kwiimeko zokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi lokwenyani.
Ukoyisa ukuguquguquka kwe-antenna (okuchaphazela kakhulu ukubekwa wedwa), i-algorithm yethu eguquguqukayo ilandelela i-antenna ngexesha lokwenyani, kwaye uvavanyo lubonise ukuba ukusebenza kunokugcinwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eziguquguqukayo, kubandakanya ukusebenzisana kwesandla somsebenzisi kunye neendlela ezinesantya esiphezulu kunye nololiwe. uhambo.
Ukongeza, ukoyisa i-eriyali elinganiselweyo ehambelanayo kwisizinda se-frequency, ngaloo ndlela sinyusa i-bandwidth kunye nokuhlukaniswa ngokubanzi, sidibanisa i-duplexer elungelelanisiweyo yombane kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwe-SI eyongezelelweyo esebenzayo, sisebenzisa isidluliseli sesibini ukuvelisa isignali yoxinzelelo ukuze siqhubeke sicinezela ukuziphazamisi. (jonga umfanekiso 2).
Iziphumo ezivela kwi-testbed yethu ziyakhuthaza: xa zidityaniswe ne-EBD, itekhnoloji esebenzayo inokuphucula kakhulu ukuhambisa kunye nokufumana ukuzimela, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ukusekwa kwethu kokugqibela kwebhubhoratri kusebenzisa amacandelo esixhobo esinexabiso eliphantsi (i-amplifiers yamandla efowuni yeselula kunye nee-eriyali), okwenza ukuba imele ukuphunyezwa kweefowuni eziphathwayo. Ngaphezu koko, imilinganiselo yethu ibonisa ukuba olu hlobo lokugatywa kwe-self-interference kumanqanaba amabini lunokubonelela ngokuzimeleyo kwe-duplex efunekayo kwi-uplink kunye ne-downlink frequency bands, nangona kusetyenziswa ixabiso eliphantsi, izixhobo zokuthengisa.
Amandla ophawu olufunyanwa sisixhobo seselula ngokobuninzi bawo kufuneka abe ziiodolo ezili-12 zobukhulu obungaphantsi kumandla omqondiso esiwuthumelayo. KwiCandelo leXesha leDuplex (TDD), isekethe eyi-duplex sisitshixo esidibanisa i-eriyali kwi-transmitter okanye i-receiver, ngoko ke i-duplexer kwi-TDD yinto elula yokutshintsha. Kwi-FDD, i-transmitter kunye ne-receiver isebenza ngaxeshanye, kwaye i-duplexer isebenzisa izihluzi ukwahlula umamkeli kumqondiso oqinileyo we-transmitter.
I-duplexer kwi-FDD ye-cell front end inikezela> ~ 50 dB isolation kwi-uplink band ukukhusela ukugqithiswa kommkeli ngeempawu ze-Tx, kunye> ~ 50 dB yodwa kwi-downlink band ukukhusela ukuhanjiswa ngaphandle kwe-band. Ukunciphisa uvakalelo lomamkeli. Kwibhendi ye-Rx, ilahleko ekuhanjisweni nasekufumaneni iindlela zincinci.
Ezi mfuno zelahleko eziphantsi, zokuzihlukanisa, apho ii-frequencies zihlulwe ngeepesenti ezimbalwa kuphela, zifuna ukuhluzwa okuphezulu kwe-Q, okuza kuthi ga ngoku kunokuphunyezwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa i-surface acoustic wave (SAW) okanye izixhobo ze-acoustic wave (BAW).
Ngelixa itekhnoloji iqhubeka nokuvela, kunye nenkqubela phambili enkulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezixhobo ezifunekayo, ukusebenza kwamaqela amaninzi kuthetha isihluzo esahlukileyo se-chip duplex kwiqela ngalinye, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso A. Zonke iiswitshi kunye neerotha nazo zongeza ukusebenza okongeziweyo kunye izohlwayo zokusebenza kunye norhwebo.
Iifowuni zehlabathi ezifikelelekayo ezisekwe kwitekhnoloji yangoku kunzima kakhulu ukwenza. Isiphumo soyilo lwerediyo iya kuba nkulu kakhulu, ilahleko kwaye ibize kakhulu. Abavelisi kufuneka benze iindidi ezininzi zeemveliso zokudibanisa iibhendi ezahlukeneyo ezifunekayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuzulazula kwe-LTE okungenamkhawulo kwehlabathi kube nzima. Uqoqosho lwesikali olukhokelele kulawulo lwe-GSM luya lusiba nzima ukufezekiswa.
Ukwanda kwemfuno yeenkonzo zeselula ezikhawulezayo eziye zakhokelela ekuhanjisweni kweenethiwekhi ze-4G kwii-frequency bands ze-50, kunye namaqela amaninzi azayo njengoko i-5G ichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kojongano lweRF, akwenzeki ukugubungela konke oku kwisixhobo esinye usebenzisa itekhnoloji yangoku esekwe kwisihluzo, ngoko ke iisekethe zeRF ezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ziyafuneka.
Ngokunqwenelekayo, indlela entsha yokusombulula ingxaki ye-duplex iyafuneka, mhlawumbi ngokusekwe kwizihluzi ezinokutyibilika okanye ukucinezelwa kokuphazamiseka, okanye indibaniselwano yazo zombini.
Ngelixa singekabinayo indlela enye ehlangabezana neemfuno ezininzi zeendleko, ubungakanani, ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, mhlawumbi amaqhekeza ephazili aya kuhlangana kwaye abe sepokothweni yakho kwiminyaka embalwa.
Itekhnoloji efana ne-EBD enokucinezelwa kwe-SI inokuvula ithuba lokusebenzisa i-frequency efanayo kumacala omabini ngaxeshanye, enokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-spectral.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-24-2024